Deterministic vs Probabilistic: Definitions that Matter in Engineering In engineering, deterministic vs. probabilistic refers to how we model cause-and-effect relationships and uncertainty.  The difference between the two requires concepts that are important and should drive how we behave.  A deterministic view assumes that the same inputs will always produce the same output; given the system […]

Why SDVs Demand Stronger Verification and Validation The shift to software‑defined vehicles (SDVs) is transforming automotive engineering—and multiplying its risks. As ECUs consolidate into centralized compute platforms and features increasingly rely on AI, machine learning, and over‑the‑air (OTA) updates, safety, cybersecurity, and reliability take center stage. This complexity makes verification and validation (V&V) more critical than ever. Regulators are tightening expectations […]

What Is IATF 16949 Standard? The IATF 16949 standard is the global benchmark for automotive quality management systems, built on ISO 9001 and tailored to the automotive supply chain. It defines how organizations design, develop, produce, install, and service automotive products while continually improving, preventing defects, and reducing variation and waste.  Standards often get a […]

Problems Are Symptoms of Unmanaged Risk  by Jon M Quigley This post is in response to an article on LinkedIn from Habib ur Rehman on blaming operator mistake as the root cause, and operator training as corrective action. This article is very timely, as I have been involved in consulting work where this situation was […]

Manufacturing Repeatability and the Importance of Repeatable Processes Manufacturing organizations striving for predictable, high-quality output often discover that manufacturing repeatability is not achieved by accident—it is engineered through disciplined, repeatable processes. In competitive markets, manufacturers cannot rely on tribal knowledge or inconsistent practices; they must establish process stability that consistently converts raw materials into reliable […]

Know Your Manufacturing Process Baseline Before Improving Before diving into advanced line upgrades or expensive automation, the first step is to understand the manufacturing process baseline. What do you change if you do not know what needs to be changed and why?   This involves collecting detailed data on how a manufacturing line currently performs — […]

Introduction: Feedback Loop Beginnings The genesis of this article is a text from a longtime friend, Jason Newton, from my UNCC days.  He is a musician, not a mimic like I consider myself, and an engineer of high caliber.  He sent me a shirt with a saying, “I only give Negative Feedback,” along with an Op-Amp […]

Understanding Lean Process Limits Lean principles have transformed how we design and manufacture products. By emphasizing waste reduction, continuous improvement, and customer value, lean thinking drives productivity and focus. Yet, even discipline can turn dangerous when taken to extremes—revealing what we might call the limits of lean processes.  Everything has limits, and exceeding those limits […]

What is 2D Barcode Traceability? 2D barcode (also known as QR Code or Data Matrix) traceability drives modern manufacturing efficiency by linking every product to its digital records, including build instructions and test data. Unlike traditional labels, 2D barcodes such as Data Matrix or QR codes can encode a unique job ID, serial number, or […]

Work Instruction Updates: Capturing Continuous Improvement and Tribal Knowledge By Jon M Quigley Why Work Instruction Updates Matter Work instruction updates are more than administrative chores; they are potent tools for continuous improvement and the preservation of tribal knowledge. As organizations adapt to changing customer needs, technological shifts, and workforce turnover, the need to capture, […]