Deterministic vs Probabilistic: Definitions that Matter in Engineering In engineering, deterministic vs. probabilistic refers to how we model cause-and-effect relationships and uncertainty.  The difference between the two requires concepts that are important and should drive how we behave.  A deterministic view assumes that the same inputs will always produce the same output; given the system […]

What PPAP Is Trying To Achieve (And Often Does) At its best, PPAP in manufacturing is a structured way to prove that a supplier’s process can repeatedly produce parts that meet all customer and regulatory requirements. The AIAG PPAP intent aligns with Ioan Feloniuk’s framing: demonstrate that design intent, process capability, and evidence are in place […]

APQP Testing Limitations in Automotive and Manufacturing Quality Advanced Product Quality Planning promises robust launches, but APQP testing limitations often emerge when teams equate “meets spec” with “fit for use.” APQP testing limitations become most evident when products pass all defined tests yet still fail in customer applications, field use, or long-term durability. The root cause […]

Why SDVs Demand Stronger Verification and Validation The shift to software‑defined vehicles (SDVs) is transforming automotive engineering—and multiplying its risks. As ECUs consolidate into centralized compute platforms and features increasingly rely on AI, machine learning, and over‑the‑air (OTA) updates, safety, cybersecurity, and reliability take center stage. This complexity makes verification and validation (V&V) more critical than ever. Regulators are tightening expectations […]

The Growing Myth of OTA Quick Fixes The automotive industry loves the promise of OTA software updates. The idea that misbehavior in the field can be “fixed remotely” has become part of both product strategy and marketing. Industry voices often proclaim, “If something goes wrong, we’ll just push an update.” Yet, rising software-related recalls and increasing regulatory scrutiny tell a […]

What Is IATF 16949 Standard? The IATF 16949 standard is the global benchmark for automotive quality management systems, built on ISO 9001 and tailored to the automotive supply chain. It defines how organizations design, develop, produce, install, and service automotive products while continually improving, preventing defects, and reducing variation and waste.  Standards often get a […]

When the Margin Is Unknown, Control Becomes Reaction Not everything can be turned into a process. This is especially true in early product development, where learning, discovery, and iteration dominate. However, when ambiguity persists beyond its appropriate stage—especially around dimensions, tolerances, and margins—organizations unintentionally transfer risk downstream. The image illustrates a simple truth: when the […]

Problems Are Symptoms of Unmanaged Risk  by Jon M Quigley This post is in response to an article on LinkedIn from Habib ur Rehman on blaming operator mistake as the root cause, and operator training as corrective action. This article is very timely, as I have been involved in consulting work where this situation was […]

Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) and Site Acceptance Testing (SAT) Overview In product development, acceptance testing is a cornerstone of predictable, high-quality system deployment.  As one of the authors of Configuration Management Theory and Practice, Testing of Complex and Embedded Systems, and multiple industry articles, I often emphasize that product and system verification must validate performance across both controlled […]

Openness Builds Stronger Cultures In the past few weeks, I’ve been reflecting on a pattern that appears across high-performing, logic-driven organizations: brilliant teams slowly losing momentum because the fight to be proper overshadows the desire to understand. Then I saw this LinkedIn article, which is the genesis of this article. I have worked on teams […]